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In younger skin, sun damage will heal faster since the cells in the epidermis have a faster turnover rate, while in the older population the skin becomes thinner and the epidermis turnover rate for cell repair is lower, which may result in the dermis layer being damaged.
It is usually prescribed by a general practitioner or dermatologist for the treatment of psoriasis, chronic chapped lips and other severe dry skin conditions because of its ability to reduce excessive skin cell turnover. [1] It is available as an ointment or lotion. It has also been used for vitiligo [5] [6] and Hailey-Hailey disease. [7]
Micrograph of keratinocytes, basal cells and melanocytes in the epidermis Keratinocytes (stained green) in the skin of a mouse. Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. In humans, they constitute 90% of epidermal skin cells. [1]
In 2016, scientists could transform a skin cell into any other tissue type via the use of drugs. [6] The technique was noted as safer than genetic reprogramming which, in 2016, was a concern medically. [6] The technique, used a cocktail of chemicals and enabled efficient on site regeneration without any genetic programming. [6]
Damaged sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, muscle cells, and nerves are seldom repaired. They are usually replaced by the fibrous tissue. The result is the formation of an inflexible, fibrous scar tissue. Human skin cells are capable of repairing UV-induced DNA damages by the process of nucleotide excision repair. [2]
The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.
The anatomy of human skin. Dermal macrophages are usually present in the dermis and around hair follicles. Dermal macrophages are macrophages in the skin that facilitate skin homeostasis by mediating wound repair, hair growth, and salt balance. [1] Their functional role in these processes is the mediator of inflammation.
Skin darkening may have evolved as protection against ultraviolet solar radiation. [257] Light skin pigmentation protects against depletion of vitamin D , which requires sunlight to make. [ 258 ] Human skin also has a capacity to darken (tan) in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation.