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Moreover, the endothelium of the myocardial (heart muscle) capillaries, which is also closely appositioned to the cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells), is involved in this modulatory role. [4] Thus, the cardiac endothelium (both the endocardial endothelium and the endothelium of the myocardial capillaries) controls the development of the heart ...
The endocardial cushions are thought to arise from a subset of endothelial cells that undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a process whereby these cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly (towards the interior of the heart tube). These migrated cells form the "swellings" called the endocardial cushions seen in ...
The endocardial tubes have an intimate proximity to the foregut or pharyngeal endoderm. [1] As folding of the embryo in the horizontal plane initiates in the 4th week of gestation, the endocardial tubes meet in the midline to form the primitive heart tube, which will eventually develop into the histologically definitive endocardium.
This begins with the formation of two endocardial tubes which merge to form the tubular heart, also called the primitive heart tube. The heart is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos . The tubular heart quickly differentiates into the truncus arteriosus , bulbus cordis , primitive ventricle , primitive atrium , and the sinus venosus .
They conduct cardiac action potentials more quickly and efficiently than any of the other cells in the heart's electrical conduction system. [4] Purkinje fibers allow the heart's conduction system to create synchronized contractions of its ventricles, and are essential for maintaining healthy and consistent heart rhythm. [5]
The IV septum grows upward towards the endocardial cushion. As it grows, a foramen appears, the interventricular foramen , which later is closed by the non-muscular IV septum. Defects in producing the IV septum causes ventricular septal defects , which communicate both ventricles.
Transvenous cardiac pacing (TVP), [1] also called endocardial pacing, is a potentially life-saving intervention used primarily to correct profound bradycardia.It can be used to treat symptomatic bradycardias that do not respond to transcutaneous pacing or to drug therapy.
Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive procedure used routinely to obtain small samples of heart muscle, primarily for detecting rejection of a donor heart following heart transplantation.