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In fire protection engineering, the K-factor formula is used to calculate the volumetric flow rate from a nozzle. Spray nozzles can for example be fire sprinklers or water mist nozzles, hose reel nozzles, water monitors and deluge fire system nozzles.
where: [2] Q f = total residual flow during the test (gallons per minute); c = discharge coefficient (unitless). This is usually 1.0 if using a diffuser. If using a wand to measure the stagnation pressure, the coefficient value depends on the shape of the flow hydrant orifice.
S foot of water per foot of pipe; P d = pressure drop over the length of pipe in psig (pounds per square inch gauge pressure) L = length of pipe in feet; Q = flow, gpm (gallons per minute) C = pipe roughness coefficient; d = inside pipe diameter, in (inches) Note: Caution with U S Customary Units is advised. The equation for head loss in pipes ...
Attack hose is a fabric-covered, flexible hose used to bring water from the fire pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside diameter from 1.5 to 3 in (38 to 76 mm) and is designed to operate at pressures up to about 400 psi (2,760 kPa). The standard length is 50 ft (15.24 m). [12] Supply and relay hoses
The SI unit is cubic metres per second (m 3 /s). Another unit used is standard cubic centimetres per minute (SCCM). In US customary units and imperial units, volumetric flow rate is often expressed as cubic feet per second (ft 3 /s) or gallons per minute (either US or imperial definitions).
The relationship between gallons per minute (gpm) and fixture unit is not constant, but varies with the number of fixture units. For example, 1000 FU is equivalent to 220 US gallons per minute (0.014 m 3 /s) while 2000 FU represents only 330 US gallons per minute (0.021 m 3 /s), about 1.5 times the flow rate.
Historically 1.5 inch hose was the primary initial attack line but has been supplanted in most of the US by 1.75-inch-diameter (44 mm) hose that carries 175 gallons per minute. Two-inch hose is available as an option. Attic ladder
The probable intensity and extent of a fire inside the building are indicated by factors including the building use, the building height, the items contained inside the building and their arrangement. These variables are compared to tables and values expressed in the model codes. The values in these tables are based on fire tests and loss history.