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In mathematics, "rational" is often used as a noun abbreviating "rational number". The adjective rational sometimes means that the coefficients are rational numbers. For example, a rational point is a point with rational coordinates (i.e., a point whose coordinates are rational numbers); a rational matrix is a matrix of rational numbers; a rational polynomial may be a polynomial with rational ...
Rational numbers (): Numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of an integer to a non-zero integer. [3] All integers are rational, but there are rational numbers that are not integers, such as −2/9. Real numbers (): Numbers that correspond to points along a line. They can be positive, negative, or zero.
The integers arranged on a number line. An integer is the number zero , a positive natural number (1, 2, 3, . . .), or the negation of a positive natural number (−1, −2, −3, . . .). [1] The negations or additive inverses of the positive natural numbers are referred to as negative integers. [2]
Represent a useful set of numbers (e.g. all integers, or rational numbers) Give every number represented a unique representation (or at least a standard representation) Reflect the algebraic and arithmetic structure of the numbers.
The set of all rational numbers includes the integers since every integer can be written as a fraction with denominator 1. For example −7 can be written −7 / 1 . The symbol for the rational numbers is Q (for quotient ), also written Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } .
An equivalent definition is sometimes useful: if a and b are integers, then the fraction a / b is irreducible if and only if there is no other equal fraction c / d such that | c | < | a | or | d | < | b |, where | a | means the absolute value of a. [4] (Two fractions a / b and c / d are equal or equivalent if and ...
In general, a quotient = /, where Q, N, and D are integers or rational numbers, can be conceived of in either of 2 ways: Quotition: "How many parts of size D must be added to get a sum of N?" = = + + + ⏟.
Euler's theorem states that if n and a are coprime positive integers, then a φ(n) is congruent to 1 mod n. Euler's theorem generalizes Fermat's little theorem. Euler's totient function For a positive integer n, Euler's totient function of n, denoted φ(n), is the number of integers coprime to n between 1 and n inclusive.