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A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics.The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition). [1]
In thermodynamics, vapor quality is the mass fraction in a saturated mixture that is vapor; [1] in other words, saturated vapor has a "quality" of 100%, and saturated liquid has a "quality" of 0%. Vapor quality is an intensive property which can be used in conjunction with other independent intensive properties to specify the thermodynamic ...
Porosity is a fraction between 0 and 1, typically ranging from less than 0.005 for solid granite to more than 0.5 for peat and clay. The porosity of a rock, or sedimentary layer, is an important consideration when attempting to evaluate the potential volume of water or hydrocarbons it may contain.
In ordinary atomic physics, the zero-point energy is the energy associated with the ground state of the system. The professional physics literature tends to measure frequency, as denoted by ν above, using angular frequency, denoted with ω and defined by ω = 2πν.
While the state of charge is usually expressed using percentage points (0 % = empty; 100 % = full), depth of discharge is either expressed using units of Ah (e.g. for a 50 Ah battery, 0 Ah is full and 50 Ah is empty) or percentage points (100 % is empty and 0 % is full). The capacity of a battery may also be higher than its nominal rating.
So, for a boiler that produces 210 kW (or 700,000 BTU/h) output for each 300 kW (or 1,000,000 BTU/h) heat-equivalent input, its thermal efficiency is 210/300 = 0.70, or 70%. This means that 30% of the energy is lost to the environment. An electric resistance heater has a thermal efficiency close to 100%. [8]
For a given medium at a given frequency, the opacity has a numerical value that may range between 0 and infinity, with units of length 2 /mass. Opacity in air pollution work refers to the percentage of light blocked instead of the attenuation coefficient (aka extinction coefficient) and varies from 0% light blocked to 100% light blocked:
So let us just consider waves whose | e x | 2 + | e y | 2 = 1; this happens to correspond to an intensity of about 0.001 33 W/m 2 in free space (where η = η 0). And because the absolute phase of a wave is unimportant in discussing its polarization state, let us stipulate that the phase of e x is zero; in other words e x is a real number while ...