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  2. Pitzer equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitzer_equations

    Besides the well-known Pitzer-like equations, there is a simple and easy-to-use semi-empirical model, which is called the three-characteristic-parameter correlation (TCPC) model. It was first proposed by Lin et al. [22] It is a combination of the Pitzer long-range interaction and short-range solvation effect: ln γ = ln γ PDH + ln γ SV

  3. Hydronic balancing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronic_balancing

    Hydronic balancing, also called hydraulic balancing, is the process of optimizing the distribution of water in a building's hydronic heating or cooling system by equalizing the system pressure. In a balanced system every radiator is set to receive the proper amount of fluid in order to provide the intended indoor climate at optimum energy ...

  4. Thermosiphon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosiphon

    Thermosyphon circulation in a simple solar water heater (not a working model; there is no water supply to replenish the tank when the tap is used). A thermosiphon (or thermosyphon) is a device that employs a method of passive heat exchange based on natural convection, which circulates a fluid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.

  5. Water model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_model

    A water model is defined by its geometry, together with other parameters such as the atomic charges and Lennard-Jones parameters. In computational chemistry, a water model is used to simulate and thermodynamically calculate water clusters, liquid water, and aqueous solutions with explicit solvent, often using molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo methods.

  6. Specific ion interaction theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_ion_interaction...

    where z is the electrical charge on the ion, I is the ionic strength, ε and b are interaction coefficients and m and c are concentrations. The summation extends over the other ions present in solution, which includes the ions produced by the background electrolyte. The first term in these expressions comes from Debye–Hückel theory.

  7. Ionospheric heater - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionospheric_heater

    An ionospheric heater, or an ionospheric HF pump facility, is a powerful radio wave transmitter with an array of antennas which is used for research of plasma turbulence, the ionosphere and upper atmosphere.

  8. Non-random two-liquid model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-random_two-liquid_model

    The non-random two-liquid model [1] (abbreviated NRTL model) is an activity coefficient model introduced by Renon and Prausnitz in 1968 that correlates the activity coefficients of a compound with its mole fractions in the liquid phase concerned. It is frequently applied in the field of chemical engineering to calculate phase equilibria.

  9. Debye–Hückel theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye–Hückel_theory

    It is a linearized Poisson–Boltzmann model, which assumes an extremely simplified model of electrolyte solution but nevertheless gave accurate predictions of mean activity coefficients for ions in dilute solution. The Debye–Hückel equation provides a starting point for modern treatments of non-ideality of electrolyte solutions.

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