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Fragrance extraction refers to the separation process of aromatic compounds from raw materials, using methods such as distillation, solvent extraction, expression, sieving, or enfleurage. [1] The results of the extracts are either essential oils , absolutes , concretes , or butters , depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product.
SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or on a larger scale to either strip unwanted material from a product (e.g. decaffeination) or collect a desired product (e.g. essential oils). These essential oils can include limonene and other straight solvents. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most used supercritical fluid ...
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants.Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove.
The ethanol extract is cooled (e.g., to −15 °C) to solidify waxes, and cold filtered to yield a liquid extract. When the ethanol evaporates, an oil—the absolute—is left behind. [1] Traditionally, the absolute was obtained by enfleurage, where the resulting pomade was extracted with ethanol to yield the absolute.
Rose oil (rose otto, attar of rose, attar of roses, or rose essence) is an essential oil that is extracted from the petals of various types of rose. Rose ottos are extracted through steam distillation , [ 1 ] while rose absolutes [ 2 ] are obtained through solvent extraction , the absolute being used more commonly in perfumery .
Sandalwood oil contains more than 90% sesquiterpenic alcohols of which 50–60% is the tricyclic α-santalol. β-Santalol comprises 20–25%. [2] [3]The composition of the oil will depend on the species, region grown, age of tree, [2] and possibly the season of harvest and details of the extraction process used.
Essential oils are usually extracted by distillation. Maceration is also used as a means of extracting essential oils. [5] In this process, used, for example, to extract the onion, garlic, wintergreen and bitter almond essential oil, the plant material is macerated in warm water to release the volatile compounds in the plant.
The steam is then condensed and the oil floats on top of the condensed water from where it is drawn off. Distillation processes vary from the super- heated fast extraction method to the slower ambient pressure distillation at lower temperatures. Each tonne of foliage produces 3–5 litres of manuka essential oil. [5]
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