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C 8 H 18: Molar mass: 114.232 g·mol −1 : Appearance Colourless liquid Odor: Odourless Density: 719 mg mL −1: Melting point: −109.7 to −109.0 °C; −165.5 to −164.1 °F; 163.4 to 164.2 K
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The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
which depends only on equilibrium state variables like temperature and density (equation of state). In general, the trace of the stress tensor is the sum of thermodynamic pressure contribution and another contribution which is proportional to the divergence of the velocity field. This coefficient of proportionality is called volume viscosity.