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A laser glass sculpture of a caffeine molecule. A bubblegram (also known as laser crystal, Subsurface Laser Engraving, 3D crystal engraving or vitrography) is a solid block of glass or transparent plastic that has been exposed to laser beams to generate three-dimensional designs inside.
The larger circular clear black area represents the larger outer side of the thick one-piece plastic cone "window". Being transparent and durable, PMMA is a versatile material and has been used in a wide range of fields and applications such as rear-lights and instrument clusters for vehicles, appliances, and lenses for glasses.
Thermally processed material is usually totally amorphous, [7] and as a result is highly transparent to visible light, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass. Polycarbonate has a glass transition temperature of about 147 °C (297 °F), [8] so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 155 °C (311 °F). [9]
Like polystyrene itself, it is transparent and brittle. The copolymer has a glass transition temperature greater than 100 °C owing to the acrylonitrile units in the chain, thus making the material resistant to boiling water. It is structurally related to ABS plastic, where polybutadiene is copolymerised with SAN to give a much tougher material ...
ASA is compatible with some other plastics, namely polyvinyl chloride and polycarbonate. ASA-PVC compounds are in use. [4] ASA can be processed by extrusion and coextrusion, thermoforming, injection molding, extrusion blow molding, and structural foam molding. [4] ASA is mildly hygroscopic; drying may be necessary before processing. [4]
The material is less resistant in terms of cold weather with a saturation point of −15 °C for old types and −28 °C to −30 °C for new types. In terms of vulcanization, the standard method for the old type is amine vulcanization. To minimize permanent deformation, the old type requires curing for 24 hours at a temperature of 150 °C.
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Transparent armor is a material or system of materials designed to be optically transparent, yet protect from fragmentation or ballistic impacts. The primary requirement for a transparent armor system is to not only defeat the designated threat but also provide a multi-hit capability with minimized distortion of surrounding areas.