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Phytophaga is a clade of beetles within the infraorder Cucujiformia consisting of the superfamilies Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea that are distinctive in the plant-feeding habit combined with the tarsi being pseudotetramerous or cryptopentamerous, where the fourth tarsal segment is typically greatly reduced or hidden by the third tarsal segment.
They are parasitoids of phytophagous insects, primarily flies. The 44 species in 15 genera are almost entirely absent from the New World. The biology of most species of Tetracampidae is little studied. Most of those whose hosts are known are associated with insects that mine in plants.
These types of ant-insect interactions involve the ant providing some service in exchange for nutrients in the form of honeydew, a sugary fluid excreted by many phytophagous insects. . [5] Interactions between honeydew-producing insects and ants is often called trophobiosis , a term which merges notions of trophic relationships with symbioses ...
Imago are phytophagous, sometimes feeding on microscopic algae and bacteria (Paracoenia, Ephydra), or predatory (Ochthera, Ephydrinae). As larvae, many are phytophagous, grazing on aquatic plants (including cultivated rice), others are algal grazers or saprophagous. Larvae of Trimerina are predatory. Some species are an important food source ...
Calliphara nobilis (commonly known as the mangrove jewel bug, mangrove shield bug, or mangrove stink bug) is a species of jewel bug found in Asia. Like all species of jewel bugs, it is phytophagous, feeding on the leaves, fruit and seeds of its host plants. [2]
It is found in east and southeast Asia. It is one of the most widely distributed phytophagous insect pests in Asia, and feeds on dozens of host plants including a number of economically important fruits, such as apples, cherries, pears and kiwifruit. [1] [2] Erthesina fullo Erthesina fullo mating on tree
It is generally believed that phytoecdysteroid exert a negative effect on pests. Indeed, phytoecdysteroids sprayed onto plants have been shown to reduce the infestation of nematodes and insects. [1] However, in very limited scenarios, phytoecdysteroids may end up becoming beneficial for the insect.
As the number of ants reaches 50–100, workers start patrolling the open plant surface next to their home thorn, and as the population reaches 200–400, workers become more aggressive and attack other smaller nearby colonies, ward off phytophagous insects that make landing attempts near the thorn more effectively. [4]