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Volatile first solvent (clear) is removed (e.g. evaporation) from first mixed solvent system (green) to give a second mixed solvent system (dark-green) Second mixed solvent system (dark-green) allowed to cool overtime to give crystals (orange) and a non-saturated second mixed solvent system (green-blue)
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
This Wikipedia page provides a comprehensive list of boiling and freezing points for various solvents.
Rotary evaporation [7] is a common technique used in laboratories to concentrate or isolate a compound from solution. Many solvents are volatile and can easily be evaporated using rotary evaporation. Even less volatile solvents can be removed by rotary evaporation under high vacuum and with heating.
Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) is a widely used technique for controlling the morphology and ordering of block copolymer (BCP) films. [1] [2] [3] By controlling the block ratio (f = NA/N), spheres, cylinders, gyroids, and lamellae structures can be generated by forming a swollen and mobile layer of thin-film from added solvent vapor to facilitate the self-assembly of the polymer blocks. [4]
Evaporation is the elimination of the solvent in form of vapor from a solution. For most evaporation systems, the solvent is water and the heat is provided by steam condensation. [ 4 ] In a forced circulation evaporation liquid is constantly circulated through the system.
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If only one sample required evaporation then a rotary evaporator is most often used. The most advanced modern centrifugal evaporators not only concentrate many samples at the same time, they eliminate solvent bumping and can handle solvents with boiling points of up to 220 °C. This is more than adequate for the modern high throughput laboratory.