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A patch test relies on the principle of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.. The first step in becoming allergic is sensitization. When skin is exposed to an allergen, the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) – also known as Langerhans cell or Dermal Dendritic Cell – phagocytize the substance, break it down to smaller components and present them on their surface bound major histocompatibility ...
MELISA is an optimised, standardised version of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) which was developed in the early 1960s to help identify allergies to drugs, metabolites and metals. The LTT for beryllium is now accepted as the gold standard for diagnosing berylliosis .
A patch test is used to identify the causative allergen in allergic conjunctivitis. [31] Although conjunctival scrapes for cytology can be useful in detecting chlamydial and fungal infections, allergies, and dysplasia, they are rarely done because of the cost and the general dearth of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens.
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For metal allergens, patch test reproducibility is low, and the extent to which they predict implant failures is debated. If the person being tested has a rash already, it may be difficult to do a patch test. Patch testing may also worsen the allergy. it is also difficult to distinguish co-sensitivity from cross-sensitivity using a patch test.
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The Human maximisation test (HMT) is a test method for testing for contact allergens. It was first developed by Albert Kligman in 1966 [1] and updated by Kligman and William Epstein in 1975. [2] The first paper appeared 1966 [3] and was a citation classic in 1985. [4] The test uses human medical volunteers (usually 25) and sodium laureth ...