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Thyroid hormone treatment is also included if required. Failure of some patients to respond to this first-line treatment has produced a variety of alternative treatments, including azathioprine , cyclophosphamide , chloroquine , methotrexate , periodic intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange.
Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the structure and/or function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck and produces thyroid hormones [ 1 ] that travel through the blood to help regulate many other organs, meaning that it is an endocrine organ .
Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. [3] It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold , extreme fatigue, muscle aches , constipation , slow heart rate , depression , and ...
The mission of NINDS is "to reduce the burden of neurological disease—a burden borne by every age group, every segment of society, and people all over the world". [3] NINDS has established two major branches for research: an extramural branch that funds studies outside the NIH, and an intramural branch that funds research inside the NIH.
A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T 3 and T 4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and will cause the disease known as simple goitre. [3] The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T 4), whose half-life of around one week [4] is longer than that of T 3. [5]
The Nurses ' Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. [1] [2] The studies have been among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted.
In thyroid cancer or Graves' disease, ablation therapy with radioactive iodine (131 I) can be used to remove trace thyroid tissue that may remain after thyroidectomy (surgical excision of the gland). For 131 I therapy to be effective, the trace thyroid tissue must be avid to iodine, which is achieved by elevating the person's TSH levels. [ 6 ]
They inhibit release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.The most studied drug in this class is lithium, which inhibits thyroid hormone secretion by inhibiting iodotyrosine coupling, thyroidal iodide uptake, and alteration in structure of thyroglobulin, [10] a protein which acts as a substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and storage of inactive forms of T3, T4 and iodine within ...