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The glyoxylate cycle, a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is an anabolic pathway occurring in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi. The glyoxylate cycle centers on the conversion of acetyl-CoA to succinate for the synthesis of carbohydrates . [ 1 ]
Glyoxylate is an intermediate of the glyoxylate cycle, which enables organisms, such as bacteria, [13] fungi, and plants [14] to convert fatty acids into carbohydrates. The glyoxylate cycle is also important for induction of plant defense mechanisms in response to fungi. [ 15 ]
Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism describes a variety of reactions involving glyoxylate or dicarboxylates.Glyoxylate is the conjugate base of glyoxylic acid, and within a buffered environment of known pH such as the cell cytoplasm these terms can be used almost interchangeably, as the gain or loss of a hydrogen ion is all that distinguishes them, and this can occur in the aqueous ...
Glyoxylate reductase (EC 1.1.1.26), first isolated from spinach leaves, [2] is an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of glyoxylate to glycolate, using the cofactor NADH or NADPH. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycolate:NAD + oxidoreductase .
Isocitrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.1), or ICL, is an enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle that catalyzes the cleavage of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. [2] [3] Together with malate synthase, it bypasses the two decarboxylation steps of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and is used by bacteria, fungi, and plants.
The glyoxylate shunt is essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth in a host organism. In 2017, McVey, et al. examined the 3D structure of P. aeruginosa malate synthase G. They found that it is a monomer composed of four domains and is highly conserved in other pathogens.
Besides peroxisomal functions, glyoxysomes possess additionally the key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase and malate synthase) which accomplish the glyoxylate cycle bypass. [ 2 ] Thus, glyoxysomes (as all peroxisomes) contain enzymes that initiate the breakdown of fatty acids and additionally possess the enzymes to produce ...
In enzymology, a glyoxylate reductase (NADP +) (EC 1.1.1.79) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction glycolate + NADP + ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } glyoxylate + NADPH + H + Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glycolate and NADP + , whereas its 3 products are glyoxylate , NADPH , and H + .