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Perinatal asphyxia happens in 2 to 10 per 1000 newborns that are born at term, and more for those that are born prematurely. [1] WHO estimates that 4 million neonatal deaths occur yearly due to birth asphyxia, representing 38% of deaths of children under 5 years of age.
Intrauterine hypoxia can be attributed to maternal, placental, or fetal conditions. [12] Kingdom and Kaufmann classifies three categories for the origin of fetal hypoxia: 1) pre-placental (both mother and fetus are hypoxic), 2) utero-placental (mother is normal but placenta and fetus is hypoxic), 3) post-placental (only fetus is hypoxic).
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE), previously known as neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (neonatal HIE or NHIE), is defined as a encephalopathy syndrome with signs and symptoms of abnormal neurological function, in the first few days of life in an infant born after 35 weeks of gestation.
It is a diagnosis of exclusion as it is a benign condition that can have symptoms and signs similar to more serious syndromes, such as respiratory distress or meconium aspiration. [ 2 ] In distinction to transient tachypnea, respiratory distress syndrome is more common in premature infants.
Symptoms: Duskiness of face, facial petechia, bleeding in the whites of the eye [1] Complications: Meconium, respiratory distress, anemia, stillbirth [1] Diagnostic method: Suspect based on in the babies heart rate during labor, ultrasound [1] Differential diagnosis: Birth asphyxia [1] Treatment
A child may be asymptomatic in the early stages of life and may develop common signs of perinatal stroke such as seizures, poor coordination, and speech delays as they get older. [6] Diagnostic tests such as magnetic resonance imaging , electroencephalogram , and blood tests are conducted when doctors suspect the patients have developed signs ...
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Neonatal infections may be contracted by mother to child transmission, in the birth canal during childbirth, or after birth. [2] Neonatal infections may present soon after delivery, or take several weeks to show symptoms. Some neonatal infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and malaria do not become apparent until much later.