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[4] The first tokamak was built in 1954, [5]. In 1968 the electronic plasma temperature of 1 keV was reached on the tokamak T-3, built at the I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy under the leadership of academician L. A. Artsimovich. [6] [7] [8] By the mid-1960s, the tokamak designs began to show greatly improved performance.
[3] [4] [5] William Barr and Ralph Moir then ran a group which did a series of direct energy conversion experiments through the late 1970s and early 1980s. [ 6 ] The first experiments used beams of positives and negatives as fuel, and demonstrated energy capture at a peak efficiency of 65 percent and a minimum efficiency of 50 percent.
SPARC is designed to achieve this with margin in excess of breakeven and may be capable of achieving up to 140 MW of fusion power for 10 second bursts despite its relatively compact size. [ 2 ] [ 1 ] The project is scheduled to start operations in 2026, with the goal of demonstrating net power (Q > 1) in 2027. [ 4 ]
A spherical tokamak is a type of fusion power device based on the tokamak principle. It is notable for its very narrow profile, or aspect ratio. A traditional tokamak has a toroidal confinement area that gives it an overall shape similar to a donut, complete with a large hole in the middle. The spherical tokamak reduces the size of the hole as ...
The T-15 (or Tokamak-15) is a Russian (previously Soviet) nuclear fusion research reactor located at the Kurchatov Institute, which is based on the (Soviet-invented) tokamak design. [2] It was the first industrial prototype fusion reactor to use superconducting magnets to control the plasma . [ 3 ]
As of 2023 the device is known as JT-60SA and is the largest operational superconducting tokamak in the world, [1] built and operated jointly by the European Union and Japan in Naka, Ibaraki Prefecture. [2] [3] SA stands for super advanced tokamak, including a D-shaped plasma cross-section, superconducting coils, and active feedback control.
The world's first and only nuclear power plant that put Gen IV reactors into commercial use is Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Plant. The reactor is a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor , started its building process on September 21 2014, [ 75 ] started to generate power December 20, 2021, [ 76 ] and was put into commercial operation in December 12 ...
The private U.S. nuclear fusion company Helion Energy has signed a deal with Microsoft to provide electricity in about five years, marking the first such agreement for fusion power. Helion's plant, expected to be online by 2028, aims to generate 50 megawatts or more of power. The company plans to use helium-3, a rare gas as a fuel source. [28]