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Parasympathomimetic drugs act on parasympathetic muscarinic receptors to induce an increased saliva flow. The M3 receptor has been identified as the principal target to increase salivary flow rates. [4] Pilocarpine is an example; the maximum dose of this drug is 30 mg/day. Contraindications include many lung conditions, such as asthma, cardiac ...
The M 3 receptors are also located in many glands, both endocrine and exocrine glands, and help to stimulate secretion in salivary glands and other glands of the body. Other effects are: increased secretions from stomach; eye accommodation
In the palliative care setting, anticholinergics and similar drugs that would normally reduce the production of saliva causing a dry mouth could be considered for symptom management: scopolamine, atropine, propantheline, hyoscine, amitriptyline, glycopyrrolate.
Secretion from salivary gland [8] Increase salivary potassium levels; Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver. Secretion from sweat glands [8] Contraction of the urinary bladder urothelium and lamina propria [15] Na + reabsorption from kidney [8] Stimulate proximal tubule NHE3 [16] Stimulate proximal tubule basolateral Na-K ATPase [16]
The two parotid glands are major salivary glands wrapped around the mandibular ramus in humans. [6] These are largest of the salivary glands, secreting saliva to facilitate mastication and swallowing, and amylase to begin the digestion of starches. [7] It is the serous type of gland which secretes alpha-amylase (also known as ptyalin). [8]
A minor salivary gland biopsy, usually taken from the lip, [26] may be carried out if there is a suspicion of organic disease of the salivary glands. [1] Blood tests and urinalysis may be involved to exclude a number of possible causes. [1] To investigate xerophthalmia, the Schirmer test of lacrimal flow may be indicated. [1]
Artificial saliva or salivary substitutes refer to a synthetically produced liquid that mimics the natural secretion of saliva. It is designed as a symptomatic relief for xerostomia , a condition characterised by dryness in the mouth and is available over-the-counter .
Atropine's actions on the parasympathetic nervous system inhibit salivary and mucous glands. The drug may also inhibit sweating via the sympathetic nervous system. This can be useful in treating hyperhidrosis, and can prevent the death rattle of dying patients. Even though atropine has not been officially indicated for either of these purposes ...