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Side effects include irregular periods, benign ovarian cysts, pelvic pain, and depression. [2] Rarely uterine perforation may occur. [2] Use is not recommended during pregnancy but is safe with breastfeeding. [2] The IUD with progestogen is a type of long-acting reversible birth control. [5]
[1] [2] Other side effects of progestogens may include an increased risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and blood clots. [2] At high doses, progestogens can cause low sex hormone levels and associated side effects like sexual dysfunction and an increased risk of bone fractures. [3]
DES gained notoriety when it was shown to cause a rare vaginal tumor in girls and young women who had been exposed to this drug in utero.In 1971, the New England Journal of Medicine published a report showing that seven of eight girls and young women (ages 14 to 22) who had been diagnosed with vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma had been exposed prenatally to DES. [5]
Hormonal contraception is highly effective: when taken on the prescribed schedule, users of steroid hormone methods experience pregnancy rates of less than 1% per year. Perfect-use pregnancy rates for most hormonal contraceptives are usually around the 0.3% rate or less. [2]
Mifepristone, and also known by its developmental code name RU-486, is a drug typically used in combination with misoprostol to bring about a medical abortion during pregnancy. [8] This combination is 97% effective [ 9 ] during the first 63 days (9 weeks) of pregnancy , yet effective in the second trimester as well.
A study of hysterectomy patients found those with endometriosis were not using less pain medication 3 years after the procedure. [143] Presacral neurectomy may be performed where the nerves to the uterus are cut. However, this technique is not usually used due to the high incidence of associated complications including presacral hematoma and ...
The most common side-effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include headache, nausea, breast tenderness, and breakthrough bleeding. Vaginal ring use can include additional side-effects including vaginal irritation and vaginal discharge. Contraceptive skin patch use can also include a side-effect of skin irritation around the patch site. [39]
As with all hormonal therapies, GnRH antagonists are commonly associated with hormonal side effects such as hot flushes, headache, nausea and weight gain. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] When used in fertility treatment they can also be associated with abdominal pain and ovarian hyperstimulation.