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The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H + /K + ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach.It exchanges potassium from the intestinal lumen with cytoplasmic hydronium [2] and is the enzyme primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents and the activation of the digestive enzyme pepsin [3] (see gastric acid).
A low resolution structure from 2D crystals of the PM H +-ATPase from Neurospora crassa is, as of medio 2011, the only structural information on the fungal H +-ATPase. [3] For the plant counterpart, a crystal structure of the AHA2 PM H +-ATPase from Arabidopsis thaliana has been obtained from 3D crystals with a resolution of 3.6 Å. [4]
The first launch attempt on 17 February 2023 was aborted just before the SRB-3 boosters ignition, although the main engines were successfully ignited. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] On the second launch attempt for the H3 Launch Vehicle on 7 March the vehicle launched at 1:37:55 AM UTC (Universal Time Coordinated).
The proton pump, H + /K + ATPase is a α,β-heterodimeric enzyme. The catalytic α subunit has ten transmembrane segments with a cluster of intramembranal carboxylic amino acids located in the middle of the transmembrane segments TM4, TM5, TM6 and TM8.
Complex I (EC 1.6.5.3) (also referred to as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or, especially in the context of the human protein, NADH dehydrogenase) is a proton pump driven by electron transport. It belongs to the H + or Na +-translocating NADH Dehydrogenase (NDH) Family (TC# 3.D.1), a member of the Na + transporting Mrp superfamily.
The major F 1 subunits are prevented from rotating in sympathy with the central stalk rotor by a peripheral stalk that joins the alpha 3 beta 3 to the non-rotating portion of F O. The structure of the intact ATP synthase is currently known at low-resolution from electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of the complex.
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Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources: formate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, H 2 dehydrogenase (hydrogenase), electron transport chain. Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps, while others funnel electrons into the quinone pool.