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Extended-release (or slow-release) formulations of morphine are those whose effect last substantially longer than bare morphine, availing for, e.g., one administration per day. Conversion between extended-release and immediate-release (or "regular") morphine is easier than conversion to or from an equianalgesic dose of another opioid with ...
Morphine can be taken orally, sublingually, bucally, rectally, subcutaneously, intranasally, intravenously, intrathecally or epidurally and inhaled via a nebulizer. As a recreational drug, it is becoming more common to inhale (" Chasing the Dragon "), but, for medical purposes, intravenous (IV) injection is the most common method of administration.
The intracerebral route can also interrupt the blood brain barrier from holding up against subsequent routes. [19] Intracerebroventricular (into the cerebral ventricles) administration into the ventricular system of the brain. One use is as a last line of opioid treatment for terminal cancer patients with intractable cancer pain. [20]
Many oral forms of medications can be crushed and suspended in water to be given via a rectal catheter. The rectal route of administration is useful for patients with any digestive tract motility problem, such as dysphagia , ileus , or bowel obstruction , that would interfere with the progression of the medication through the tract.
His name was cited in one of the earliest documented cases of resuscitation by rectally applied tobacco smoke, from 1746, when a seemingly drowned woman was treated. On the advice of a passing sailor, the woman's husband inserted the stem of the sailor's pipe into her rectum, covered the bowl with a piece of perforated paper, and "blew hard".
One year later, it was used medically for the first time in Germany in 1917. [20] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [21] It is available as a generic medication. [15] In 2022, it was the 60th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11 million prescriptions.
let it be given dieb. alt. diebus alternis: every other day; on alternate days dil. dilute dim. dimidius: one-half d. in p. æ. divide in partes æquales: divide into equal parts disp. dispersible [or] dispense div. divide divide; let it be divided dL deciliter DS double strength d.t.d. dentur tales doses: give of such doses DTO
[15] [16] It has been given intravenously (IV), subcutaneously, intraperitoneally and, in red-eared sliders, intranasally. [17] [18] Atipamezole has also been used as an antidote for various toxicities in dogs. For example, the anti-tick medication amitraz is commonly ingested by dogs who eat their anti-tick collars. [19]