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In 1991 the Pakistan Bible Society produced a modern New Testament in a general Pashto dialect, most recently revised in 1996. The affectionately known "little blue" book was reprinted several times but a full Bible was not completed in its mixed dialect, with subsequent translation efforts instead focussing on dialects dominant in Pakistan and Afghanistan separately.
Dialectical Map of Pashto: An edited map of the Pashtun tribes, from Olaf Caroe’s “The Pathans”. The North Eastern dialects have been highlighted in dark blue, the North Western dialects in light blue, the North-Central (North Karlāṇi) is pink, the South-Central (South Karlāṇi) in red, the South Eastern in orange and the South Western in yellow.
In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census). [48] However, Urdu and English are the two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and north Balochistan. [49]
Illustration of a Hindki in Peshawar in the book “An Account of the Kingdom of Caubul” (1815) by Mountstuart Elphinstone.. Hindkowans, [1] [2] also known as the Hindki, [3] [4] is a contemporary designation for speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the neighbouring Pashtuns, [5] [2] particularly the speakers of various Hindko dialects of Western Punjabi (Lahnda).
The Loralai speak a dialect which is a "soft" Pashto dialect, similar to the Kandahari dialect. The Safi, a few Jaduns, and other minor northern Gharghashti tribes speak the northern or "hard" Pashto variety. The Jaduns, living on the Mahabun mountain slopes around Swabi speak Pashto, while those living in Hazara speak Pashto and Hindko.
Southern Pashto (Pashto: جنوبي/سهيلي پښتو) is a standard variety of the Pashto language spoken in southeastern Afghanistan, and northern parts of the Pakistani province of Balochistan, comprising the Southwestern and Southeastern dialects of Pashto.
This linguistic shift reflects the natural evolution of Pashto, driven by the adaptation of words for easier pronunciation, influenced by local dialects and tribal variations. [ 20 ] Zai ( Pashto : زي , Persian : زَئی ), which means "children of," is a common suffix used in the names of various Pashtun tribes, such as Yousafzai .
Punjabi (پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan, with the prominent dialect being the Majha dialect, written in the Shahmukhi script. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. It is spoken as a first language by 38.78% of Pakistanis. [24]