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Shia Islam places great importance on the guidance of clergy, and each branch of Shi'ism maintains its own clerical structure. The most well-known Shia clergy belongs to the largest branch of Shia Islam, Twelver Shi'ism. As in other branches of Islam, Shia scholars are collectively known as the ulema.
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Those clerics who reach the apex in the hierarchy of theological rank in the centers of Shi'a learning become marja-i taqlids. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] Since around 1940, marja-i taqlids are often referred to by their followers with the honorific title of Ayatollah al-`Uzma (Grand Ayatollah – "ayatollah" meaning "sign of God"). [ 2 ]
Al-Irshad (Persian: ارشاد), also called the Book of Guidance into the Lives of the 12 Imams, [1] is a biography of the lives of the 12 Shia Imams. It describes their historical circumstances, miracles and virtues. [2] The book also includes evidence for Imamates among Shia.
Shia believe in the trilateral structure of authority; authority of God which is absolute and universal as the verse 3: 26 implies, authority of Muhammad which is legitimized by the grace of God as the verse 7: 158 points to it and the authority of the Imams who are blessed for the leadership of the community through Muhammad as the verses 5: ...
Shia Muslim scholars emphasize that the notion of authority is linked to the family of the Abrahamic prophets as the Quranic verses 3:33 and 3:34 show: "Indeed, Allah chose Adam, Noah, the family of Abraham, and the family of ’Imrân above all people. They are descendants of one another. And Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing." [12]
In the Druze cosmology, the bāb is the incarnation of the Universal intellect (ʿaql al-kull), which in the Druze cosmic hierarchy is located directly below God. Thus the founder of the Druze religion, Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad , proclaimed himself the bāb to the incarnation of God, Caliph al-Hakim bi Amr Allah .
The beliefs and practices of Twelver Shia Islam are categorised into: Theology or Roots of the Religion - five beliefs Ancillaries of the Faith or Branches of the Religion - ten practices