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The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion [1] is a dual process theory describing the change of attitudes. The ELM was developed by Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo in 1980. [ 2 ] The model aims to explain different ways of processing stimuli, why they are used, and their outcomes on attitude change.
Elaborative encoding is a mnemonic system that uses some form of elaboration, such as an emotional cue, to assist in the retention of memories and knowledge. [1] In this system one attaches an additional piece of information to a memory task which makes it easier to recall.
Whether the focus be on social psychology or cognitive psychology, there are many examples of dual process theories produced throughout the past. The following just show a glimpse into the variety that can be found. [citation needed] Peter Wason and Jonathan St B. T. Evans suggested dual process theory in 1974. [4]
Expectancy violations theory (EVT) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations. [1] The theory was proposed by Judee K. Burgoon in the late 1970s and continued through the 1980s and 1990s as "nonverbal expectancy violations theory", based on Burgoon's research studying proxemics.
The elaboration likelihood model is similar in concept to and shares many ideas with other dual processing models, such as the heuristic-systematic model of information processing. [27] In the elaboration likelihood model, cognitive processing is the central route and affective/emotion processing is often associated with the peripheral route. [28]
A lack of precision in the Parallel Process Model and empirical inconsistencies in the Protection Motivation Theory were also noted by Witte as reasons for formulating an extended parallel process model. Two main components of large-scale public messaging that induce behavioural change are fear appeals and fear appraisals.
For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory. [ 77 ] Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent memory deficits is a primary source of information.
Dual process theory within moral psychology is an influential theory of human moral judgement that posits that human beings possess two distinct cognitive subsystems that compete in moral reasoning processes: one fast, intuitive and emotionally-driven, the other slow, requiring conscious deliberation and a higher cognitive load.