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For example, in horses, the eyes are caudal to the nose and rostral to the back of the head. These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly.
For example, to describe the human brain, "rostral" still means "towards the beak or snout (Latin rostrum)", or at any rate, the interior of the cranial cavity just behind the face. "Caudal" means "towards the tail (Latin cauda "), but not "towards the back of the cranial cavity", which is "posterior" (behind, in ordinary motion).
At slow speeds only the most posterior end of the eel's muscles are activated with more anterior muscle recruited at higher speeds. [5] [7] As in many other animals, the muscles activate late in the lengthening phase of the muscle strain cycle, just prior to muscle shortening which is a pattern believed to maximize work output from the muscle.
Examples include a movement of the knee, where the lower leg changes angle compared to the femur, or movements of the ankle. [2] The study of movement in the human body is known as kinesiology. [4] A categoric list of movements and the muscles involved can be found at list of movements of the human body.
Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is the biceps brachii. The tough, fibrous epimysium of skeletal muscle is both connected to and continuous with the tendons . In turn, the tendons connect to the periosteum layer surrounding the bones, permitting the transfer of force from the muscles to the skeleton.
The origin of a muscle is the bone, typically proximal, which has greater mass and is more stable during a contraction than a muscle's insertion. [14] For example, with the latissimus dorsi muscle, the origin site is the torso, and the insertion is the arm. When this muscle contracts, normally the arm moves due to having less mass than the torso.
Extension usually results in straightening of the bones or body surfaces involved. For example, extension is produced by extending the flexed (bent) elbow. Straightening of the arm would require extension at the elbow joint. If the head is tilted all the way back, the neck is said to be extended.
In anatomy, a sesamoid bone (/ ˈ s ɛ s əm ɔɪ d /) [1] [2] is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. [3] Its name is derived from the Greek word for 'sesame seed', indicating the small size of most sesamoids. Often, these bones form in response to strain, [4] or can be present as a normal variant. The patella is the largest sesamoid ...