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No RAM installed/detected 2: Incompatible RAM type installed (for example, EDO) 3: No RAM banks passed memory testing 4: Bad checksum for the remainder of the boot ROM: 5: Bad checksum for the ROM boot block
The name CMOS memory comes from the technology used to make the memory, which is easier to say than NVRAM. [3] The CMOS RAM and the real-time clock have been integrated as a part of the southbridge chipset and they may not be standalone chips on modern motherboards.
Early IBM PCs had a routine in the POST that would download a program into RAM through the keyboard port and run it. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] This feature was intended for factory test or diagnostic purposes. After the motherboard BIOS completes its POST, most BIOS versions search for option ROM modules, also called BIOS extension ROMs, and execute them.
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is an open standard that operating systems can use to discover and configure computer hardware components, to perform power management (e.g. putting unused hardware components to sleep), auto configuration (e.g. Plug and Play and hot swapping), and status monitoring.
This is especially true of cryptographic hash functions, which may be used to detect many data corruption errors and verify overall data integrity; if the computed checksum for the current data input matches the stored value of a previously computed checksum, there is a very high probability the data has not been accidentally altered or corrupted.
File verification is the process of using an algorithm for verifying the integrity of a computer file, usually by checksum.This can be done by comparing two files bit-by-bit, but requires two copies of the same file, and may miss systematic corruptions which might occur to both files.
Later the decreased cost of the CMOS technology allowed the same devices to be fabricated using it, adding the letter "C" to the device numbers (27xx(x) are n-MOS and 27Cxx(x) are CMOS). While parts of the same size from different manufacturers are compatible in read mode, different manufacturers added different and sometimes multiple ...
Add the digits (up to but not including the check digit) in the even-numbered positions (second, fourth, sixth, etc.) to the result. Take the remainder of the result divided by 10 (i.e. the modulo 10 operation). If the remainder is equal to 0 then use 0 as the check digit, and if not 0 subtract the remainder from 10 to derive the check digit.