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The malikâne system may have been modelled on an earlier system of "double rent" paid by waqfs. From the treasury's perspective, malikâne was a more reliable source of revenue. Auctions of local tax-farming rights had the effect of integrating diverse provincial tax-farmers into the Ottoman state, [ 5 ] and also helped build a more modern ...
An iltizam (Arabic: التزام, romanized: iltizām) was a form of tax farm that appeared in the 15th century in the Ottoman Empire.The system began under Mehmed the Conqueror and was abolished during the Tanzimat reforms in 1856.
The defter was a tax register. It recorded names and property/land ownership; it categorised households, and sometimes whole villages, by religion. The names recorded in a defter can give valuable information about ethnic background; these tax records are a valuable source for current-day historians investigating the ethnic & religious history of parts of the Ottoman Empire. [3]
The iltizam (Ottoman Turkish: التزام) is a non-heritable tax-farming system and was established under Sultan Mehmet II; however this changed by the 18th century and holders of grants-for-life developed their own landowning class. [10] It was officially terminated in 1856 during the Tanzimat reforms. [11]
Under the Ottoman Empire, Muqata'ah or Mukata'a were hass-ı hümayun, parcels of land owned by the Ottoman crown.These were distributed through the iltizam auction system; rights to collect revenue from the land were sold to the highest bidder, eventually for the life of the buyer.
Though not all a'yan were tax farmers, the a'yan rose particularly in conjunction with the Iltizam tax structure (Ottoman tax farming). Prior to that system, only those close to the Sultan had any political capacity. Under the Timar system, provincial military governors appointed by the Sultan collected taxes and ruled over territories.
The mukataa (mukata’a) was a tax district in Ottoman Greece, according to the systems applied widely during the centuries of decline of the Ottoman's fiscal mechanism. . The Chora Metsovo was a mukataa, meaning a tax district, the proceeds of which were leased out to malikâne, or lifelong tenants of tax distri
The period characterized as one of decentralization in the Ottoman political system. [2] Political and economic reforms enacted during the preceding War of the Holy League (1683-1699), particularly the sale of life-term tax farms ( Ottoman Turkish : malikāne ) instituted in 1695, enabled provincial figures to achieve an unprecedented degree of ...
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