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A harmonograph creates its figures using the movements of damped pendulums. The movement of a damped pendulum is described by the equation = (+),in which represents frequency, represents phase, represents amplitude, represents damping and represents time.
The above discussion focuses on a pendulum bob only acted upon by the force of gravity. Suppose a damping force, e.g. air resistance, as well as a sinusoidal driving force acts on the body. This system is a damped, driven oscillator, and is chaotic. Equation (1) can be written as
controls the amount of non-linearity in the restoring force; if =, the Duffing equation describes a damped and driven simple harmonic oscillator, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the amplitude of the periodic driving force; if γ = 0 {\displaystyle \gamma =0} the system is without a driving force, and
The damping ratio is a system parameter, denoted by ζ ("zeta"), that can vary from undamped (ζ = 0), underdamped (ζ < 1) through critically damped (ζ = 1) to overdamped (ζ > 1). The behaviour of oscillating systems is often of interest in a diverse range of disciplines that include control engineering , chemical engineering , mechanical ...
Step response of a damped harmonic oscillator; curves are plotted for three values of μ = ω 1 = ω 0 √ 1 − ζ 2. Time is in units of the decay time τ = 1/(ζω 0). The value of the damping ratio ζ critically determines the behavior of the system. A damped harmonic oscillator can be:
Phase portrait of damped oscillator, with increasing damping strength. The equation of motion is x ¨ + 2 γ x ˙ + ω 2 x = 0. {\displaystyle {\ddot {x}}+2\gamma {\dot {x}}+\omega ^{2}x=0.} In mathematics , a phase portrait is a geometric representation of the orbits of a dynamical system in the phase plane .
The centrifugal pendulum absorber was first patented in 1937 by R. Sarazin [1] and a different version by R. Chilton in 1938. [2] Generally, both Sarazin and Chilton are credited with the invention. Sarazin's work was used during World War II by Pratt & Whitney for aircraft engines with increased power output.
Classic model used for deriving the equations of a mass spring damper model. The mass-spring-damper model consists of discrete mass nodes distributed throughout an object and interconnected via a network of springs and dampers.