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Organizational commitment predicts work variables such as turnover, organizational citizenship behavior, and job performance. Some of the factors such as role stress, empowerment, job insecurity and employability , and distribution of leadership have been shown to be connected to a worker's sense of organizational commitment.
Escalation of commitment was first described by Barry M. Staw in his 1976 paper, "Knee deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action". [2] Researchers, inspired by the work of Staw, conducted studies that tested factors, situations and causes of escalation of commitment.
An alternative motivation theory to Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the motivator-hygiene (Herzberg's) theory. While Maslow's hierarchy implies the addition or removal of the same need stimuli will enhance or detract from the employee's satisfaction, Herzberg's findings indicate that factors garnering job satisfaction are separate from factors leading to poor job satisfaction and employee turnover.
Commitment theories are rather based on creating conditions, under which the employee will feel compelled to work for an organization, whereas engagement theories aim to bring about a situation in which the employee by free choice has an intrinsic desire to work in the best interests of the organization. [27]
High-commitment management is a management style that aims to emphasize the personal responsibility, independence, and empowerment of employees at all levels of an organization, rather than focusing on higher-level authority figures. It aims to maintain high levels of commitment by preserving the initiative among management personnel. [1]
Courtesy has been defined as discretionary behaviors that aim at preventing work-related conflicts with others (Law et al., 2005). This dimension is a form of helping behavior, but one that works to prevent problems from arising. It also includes the word's literal definition of being polite and considerate of others (Organ et al., 2006).
Workplace friendships are influenced by individual and contextual factors such as life events, organizational socialization, shared tasks, physical proximity, and work problems. Workplace loneliness can be caused by a lack of workplace friendships, competition, or a lack of cooperation at work. [8]
Underload: Having work that fails to use a worker's skills and abilities. [59] Workload as a work demand is a major component of the demand-control model of stress. [11] This model suggests that jobs with high demands can be stressful, especially when the individual has low control over the job.