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For most disks, each sector stores a fixed amount of user-accessible data, traditionally 512 bytes for hard disk drives (HDDs), and 2048 bytes for CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs and BD-ROMs. [1] Newer HDDs and SSDs use 4096 byte (4 KiB) sectors, which are known as the Advanced Format (AF). The sector is the minimum storage unit of a hard drive. [2]
In 2010, hard-disk manufacturers introduced drives with 4,096‑byte sectors (Advanced Format). [3] For compatibility with legacy hardware and software, those drives include an emulation technology ( 512e ) that presents 512‑byte sectors to the entity accessing the hard drive, despite their underlying 4,096‑byte physical sectors. [ 4 ]
Many host computer hardware and software components assume the hard drive is configured around 512-byte sector boundaries. This includes a broad range of items including chipsets, operating systems, database engines, hard drive partitioning and imaging tools, backup and file system utilities as well as a small fraction of other software applications.
On SCSI hard disk drives, the SCSI controller can directly control spin up and spin down of the drives. Some Parallel ATA (PATA) and Serial ATA (SATA) hard disk drives support power-up in standby (PUIS): each drive does not spin up until the controller or system BIOS issues a specific command to do so. This allows the system to be set up to ...
The PC XT was the first PC with an IBM-supplied hard drive, and PC DOS 2.0 supported that hard drive with FAT12 (FAT ID 0xF8). The fixed assumption of 8 sectors per clusters on hard disks practically limited the maximum partition size to 16 MB for 512 byte sectors and 4 KB clusters.
256 277.5 kiB 8 512 296 kiB IBM 43FD 2 26 128 481 kiB Diskette 2 [20] 15 256 555 kiB IBM 53FD Double 26 256 962 kiB MFM Diskette 2D [20] 15 512 1.08 MiB 8 1,024 1.16 MiB DEC RX01 8 inch Single 1 77 26 128 250 kB 360 FM DEC RX02 8 inch Double 1 77 26 256 500 kB 360 FM/MFM DEC RX50: 5 1 ⁄ 4 inch Quad 1 80 10 512 400 kB 300 MFM IBM PC ...
On September 8, 2008, Intel began shipping its first mainstream solid-state drives ... 128/256/512/1024/2048 64-Layer 3D2 TLC PCIe 3.1 x4 NVMe M.2 1150/140 2200/280
2,361,183,241,434,822,606,848 bits (256 exbibytes) 3.4 × 10 21 bits (0.36 zettabytes) – amount of information that can be stored in 1 gram of DNA [17] 4.7 × 10 21 bits (0.50 zettabytes) – amount of digitally stored information in the world as of May 2009 [18] 4.8 × 10 21 bits (0.61 zettabytes) – total hard drive capacity shipped in ...
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