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A convection heater, also known as a convector heater, is a type of heater that utilizes convection currents [1] to heat and circulate air. These currents move through the appliance and across its heating element, [ 2 ] using thermal conduction [ 3 ] to warm the air and decrease its density relative to colder air, causing it to rise.
The first digit is the number of panels, and the second is the number of sets of fins, for example a type 21 radiator has two panels with one set of fins in between. Air flow around the radiator and between the panels is by convection only, and must be unrestricted if the radiator is to reach its design performance.
The glass panels in double-glazed windows transmit heat in both directions by radiation, through the glazing by conduction and across the gap between the panes by convection, by conduction through the frame, and by infiltration around the perimeter seals and the frame's seal to the building.
The Roman hypocaust is an early example of a type of radiator for building space heating. Franz San Galli, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, is credited with inventing the heating radiator around 1855, [1] [2] having received a radiator patent in 1857, [3] but American Joseph Nason and Scot Rory Gregor developed a primitive radiator in 1841 [4] and received a number ...
Air typically passes along the front or back of the absorber plate while scrubbing heat directly from it. Heated air can then be distributed directly for applications such as space heating and drying or may be stored for later use. Payback for glazed solar air heating panels can be less than 9–15 years depending on the fuel being replaced.
Multipane glazing improves thermal comfort (by reducing downdraft convection currents adjacent to the windowpane), and it can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by minimising heating and cooling demand. Quadruple glazing may be required to achieve desired energy efficiency levels in Arctic regions, [ 2 ] or to allow for higher glazing ratios in ...
Double glazing using heat-shrink plastic film and double sided tape The frame used can also be significant, especially if they are made from a high thermal conductivity material such as metal. In this case, plastic spacers should be used to create thermal breaks between the inner and outer sections of the frame.
The frame and double sealing of the window system are the actual weak points in the window insulation. Typical thermal transmittance values for common building structures are as follows: [citation needed] Single glazing: 5.7 W/(m 2 ⋅K) Single glazed windows, allowing for frames: 4.5 W/(m 2 ⋅K) Double glazed windows, allowing for frames: 3.3 ...