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  2. Surplus value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surplus_value

    Marx's term is the German word "Mehrwert", which simply means value added (sales revenue minus the cost of materials used up), and is cognate to English "more worth". It is a major concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy. Conventionally, value-added is equal to the sum of gross wage income and gross profit income.

  3. Value added - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_added

    Value added is a term in financial economics for calculating the difference between market value of a product or service, and the sum value of its constituents. It is relatively expressed to the supply-demand curve for specific units of sale. [ 1 ]

  4. Theories of Surplus Value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value

    Theories of Surplus Value (German: Theorien über den Mehrwert) is a draft manuscript written by Karl Marx between January 1862 and July 1863. [1] It is mainly concerned with the Western European theorizing about Mehrwert (added value or surplus value ) from about 1750, critically examining the ideas of British, French and German political ...

  5. Value-added selling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_selling

    The value add can be seen in several different ways. The first is the obvious fuel savings. But there is also added value in less time spent at the gas station, and the cars pollute the air less than a normal combustion engine. The value add in this instance is determined by the customer, and not the company selling the car. [citation needed]

  6. Value engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_engineering

    Value engineering can lead to the substitution of lower-cost materials, as with the exterior cladding that accelerated the Grenfell Tower fire in London. [1] [2]Value engineering (VE) is a systematic analysis of the functions of various components and materials to lower the cost of goods, products and services with a tolerable loss of performance or functionality.

  7. Net national product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_national_product

    Although the net national product is a key identity in national accounting, its use in economics research is generally superseded by the use of the gross domestic or national product as a measure of national income, a preference which has been historically a contentious topic (see e.g. Boulding (1948) [3] and Burk (1948) [4]).

  8. Agricultural value chain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_value_chain

    An agricultural value chain is the integrated range of goods and services (value chain) necessary for an agricultural product to move from the producer to the final consumer. The concept has been used since the beginning of the millennium, primarily by those working in agricultural development in developing countries , although there is no ...

  9. Value-added taxation in India - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value-added_taxation_in_India

    The existing general sales tax laws were replaced with the Value Added Tax Act (2005) and associated VAT rules. A few states ( Gujarat , Tamil Nadu , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh ) opted to stay out of VAT taxation system during the initial introduction of VAT but adopted it later.