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The term grey literature acts as a collective noun to refer to a large number of publications types produced by organizations for various reasons. These include research and project reports, annual or activity reports, theses, conference proceedings, preprints, working papers, newsletters, technical reports, recommendations and technical standards, patents, technical notes, data and statistics ...
John Ioannidis argues that "claimed research findings may often be simply accurate measures of the prevailing bias." [46] He lists the following factors as those that make a paper with a positive result more likely to enter the literature and suppress negative-result papers: The studies conducted in a field have small sample sizes.
Grey literature is any scholarly or policy material produced outside of traditional academia and not published in traditional academic journals or books. It is "That which is produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats, but which is not controlled by commercial publishers", [1] and consists of research and deliberations published in ...
Luzi D. Trends and evolution in the development of grey literature: a review. International Journal on Grey Literature, 2000, vol. 1, n° 3, p. 106 – 117. Pilling S. Dr Wood, I presume! Interlending & Document Supply, 2001, vol 29, n° 2, p. 59–62. Schöpfel J. MetaGrey Europe, A Proposal in the Aftermath of EAGLE-SIGLE.
Technical reports, for minor research results and engineering and design work (including computer software), round out the primary literature. Secondary sources in the sciences include articles in review journals (which provide a synthesis of research articles on a topic to highlight advances and new lines of research), and books for large ...
A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question(s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. [1] A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or ...
The research-based design process is a research process proposed by Teemu Leinonen, [1] [2] inspired by several design theories. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is strongly oriented towards the building of prototypes and it emphasizes creative solutions, exploration of various ideas and design concepts, continuous testing and redesign of the design solutions.
Continuing the research process, the investigator then carries out the research necessary to answer the research question, whether this involves reading secondary sources over a few days for an undergraduate term paper or carrying out primary research over years for a major project. When the research is complete and the researcher knows the ...