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Modern runestones (as imitations or forgeries of Viking Age runestones) began to be produced in the 19th century Viking Revival. The Scandinavian Runic-text Data Base ( Samnordisk runtextdatabas ) is a project involving the creation and maintenance of a database of runestones in the Rundata database.
A number of notable runestones of modern origin exist. Some of them are intended as hoaxes, their creators attempting to imitate a Viking Age artefact. This mostly concerns the American runestones, such as the Kensington runestone or the Oklahoma runestones.
The Snoldelev stone, one of the oldest runestones in Denmark. The tradition of raising stones that had runic inscriptions first appeared in the 4th and 5th century, in Norway and Sweden, and these early runestones were usually placed next to graves, [2] [3] though their precise function as commemorative monuments has been questioned. [4]
The style or design of runestones varied during the Viking Age. The early runestones were simple in design, but towards the end of the runestone era they became increasingly complex and made by travelling runemasters such as Öpir and Visäte. A categorization of the styles was developed by Anne-Sophie Gräslund in the 1990s. [1]
The modern English rune is a later formation that is partly derived ... The largest group of surviving Runic inscription are Viking Age Younger Futhark runestones, ...
The physicist Anders Celsius (1701–1744) further extended the science of runes and traveled around Sweden to examine the bautastenar (megaliths, today termed runestones). Another early treatise is the 1732 Runologia by Jón Ólafsson of Grunnavík .
Modern authors like Ralph Blum sometimes include a "blank rune" in their sets. Some were to replace a lost rune, but according to Ralph Blum this was the god Odin 's rune, the rune of the beginning and the end, representing "the divine in all human transactions".
The oldest known runestones date to the early 5th century (Einang stone, Kylver Stone), although the Svingerud Runestone, discovered in 2021, is dated even earlier. The longest known inscription in the Elder Futhark, and one of the youngest, consists of some 200 characters and is found on the early 8th-century Eggjum stone , and may even ...