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In 1817, James Parkinson published his essay reporting six cases of what he called paralysis agitans. [2] An Essay on the Shaking Palsy described the characteristic resting tremor, abnormal posture and gait, paralysis and diminished muscle strength, and the way that the disease progresses over time.
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a neurodegenerative disease primarily of the central nervous system, affecting both motor and non-motor systems. Symptoms typically develop gradually, with non-motor issues becoming more prevalent as the disease progresses.
Parkinson's Disease causes constipation and gastric dysmotility that is severe enough to endanger comfort and even health. [26] A factor in this is the appearance of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites even before these affect the functioning of the substantia nigra in the neurons in the enteric nervous system that control gut functions.
Charcot's studies between 1868 and 1881 were a landmark in the understanding of Parkinson's disease. [15] Among other advances he made the distinction between rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia. [15] He also led the disease formerly named paralysis agitans (shaking palsy) to be renamed after James Parkinson. [15]
James Parkinson FGS (11 April 1755 – 21 December 1824) [1] was an English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist. He is best known for his 1817 work An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, [2] in which he was the first to describe "paralysis agitans", a condition that would later be renamed Parkinson's disease by Jean-Martin Charcot.
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by the four motor symptoms found in Parkinson's disease: tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Parkinsonism gait problems can lead to falls and serious physical injuries.
Paralysis (pl.: paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles. Paralysis can also be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage. In the United States, roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis. [1]
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease, affects 1% of people over 60 years of age. [1] [2] [3] In the past three decades, the number of PD cases has doubled globally from 2.5 million in 1990 to 6.1 million in 2016. [4] [5] As of 2022, there are ~10 million PD cases globally. [6]