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Periphrastic Hindi-Urdu verb forms (participle verb forms) consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker. [1] There are two independent imperfective aspects in Hindi-Urdu: Habitual Aspect, and Progressive Aspect.
The use of certain aspects and/or tenses in the verb. The Indo-Iranian family, for example, shows a split between the perfective and the imperfective aspect. In Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), a transitive verb in the perfective aspect causes its arguments to be marked by an ergative pattern, and the imperfective aspects trigger accusative marking. [3]
In linguistics, the aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state. [1] [2] As its name suggests, the habitual aspect (abbreviated HAB), not to be confused with iterative aspect or frequentative aspect, specifies an action as occurring habitually: the subject performs the action usually, ordinarily, or customarily.
Imperfect meanings in English are expressed in different ways depending on whether the event is continuous or habitual.. For a continuous action (one that was in progress at a particular time in the past), the past progressive (past continuous) form is used, as in "I was eating"; "They were running fast."
In Hindi, the presumptive mood can be used in all the three tenses. The same structure for a particular grammatical aspect can be used to refer to the present, past and future times depending on the context. [21] [22] The table below shows the conjugations for the presumptive mood copula in Hindi and Romanian with some exemplar usage on the right:
Hindustani is extremely rich in complex verbs formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: transitive and intransitive. [3]The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as karnā 'to do', lenā 'to take', denā 'to give', jītnā 'to win' etc.
ki’ere NEG. PST vau 1. SG i PFV haere go i PREP te ART fare house ki’ere vau i haere i te fare NEG.PST 1.SG PFV go PREP ART house 'I did not go to a house.' Non-past negative (Regular negative) kāre kāre NEG. NPST tā-koe ART - 2SG puta book kāre tā-koe puta NEG.NPST ART-2SG book 'You don't have your book.' (Lit. 'Your book doesn't exist') Hawaiian The Hawaiian language conveys aspect ...
In the indicative, there are five one-word forms conjugated for person and number: one for the present tense (which can indicate progressive or non-progressive aspect); one for the perfective aspect of the past; one for the imperfective aspect of the past; a form for the pluperfect aspect that is only used in formal writing; [19]: pp. 57–58 ...
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