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The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than 35 Cl is electron capture to isotopes of sulfur; that of isotopes heavier than 37 Cl is beta decay to isotopes of argon; and 36 Cl may decay by either mode to stable 36 S or 36 Ar. [42] 36 Cl occurs in trace quantities in nature as a cosmogenic nuclide in a ratio of about (7–10) × 10 −13 to 1 ...
Sodium hypochlorite solutions combined with acid evolve chlorine gas, particularly strongly at pH < 2, by the reactions: HOCl(aq) + Cl − + H + ⇌ Cl 2 (aq) + H 2 O Cl 2 (aq) ⇌ Cl 2 (g) At pH > 8, the chlorine is practically all in the form of hypochlorite anions (OCl −). The solutions are fairly stable at pH 11–12.
In terms of its acid–base properties, chloride is a weak base as indicated by the negative value of the pK a of hydrochloric acid. Chloride can be protonated by strong acids, such as sulfuric acid: NaCl + H 2 SO 4 → NaHSO 4 + HCl. Ionic chloride salts react with other salts to exchange anions.
3 anion, whose chlorine atom is in the +5 oxidation state. The term can also refer to chemical compounds containing this anion, with chlorates being the salts of chloric acid. Other oxyanions of chlorine can be named "chlorate" followed by a Roman numeral in parentheses denoting the oxidation state of chlorine: e.g., the ClO −
Sodium chlorate can be used with hydrochloric acid (or also sulfuric acid and sodium chloride, the reaction of which generates HCl) to chlorinate aromatic compounds without the use of organic solvents. In this case its function is to oxidize the HCl to obtain either HOCl or Cl 2 (depending upon the pH) in-situ which are the active chlorinating ...
Salt water chlorination is a process that uses dissolved salt (1000–4000 ppm or 1–4 g/L) for the chlorination of swimming pools and hot tubs.The chlorine generator (also known as salt cell, salt generator, salt chlorinator, or SWG) uses electrolysis in the presence of dissolved salt to produce chlorine gas or its dissolved forms, hypochlorous acid and sodium hypochlorite, which are already ...
This reaction must be conducted in non-acidic conditions to prevent release of chlorine: 2 Cl − → Cl 2 + 2 e − Cl 2 + H 2 O ⇌ HClO + Cl − + H + Some hypochlorites may also be obtained by a salt metathesis reaction between calcium hypochlorite and various metal sulfates.
Chlorous acid is an inorganic compound with the formula HClO 2. It is a weak acid. Chlorine has oxidation state +3 in this acid. The pure substance is unstable, disproportionating to hypochlorous acid (Cl oxidation state +1) and chloric acid (Cl oxidation state +5): 2 HClO 2 → HClO + HClO 3