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Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching provisions, especially for small installations. [18] This single-line diagram illustrates the breaker-and-a-half configuration often used in switchyards of small utilities. In large utilities the double-bus-double-breaker configuration is often preferred.
A bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. A bus coupler is a breaker used to couple two busbars to perform maintenance on other circuit breakers associated with that busbar. It is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators.
These substations may consist of two to eight or more primary transformers connected to the same secondary bus to provide reliable facility power. Examples of such single facilities include airports, hospitals , major data processing centers (especially those using uninterruptible power supplies ), and sports arenas that regularly broadcast ...
A typical one-line diagram with annotated power flows. Red boxes represent circuit breakers, grey lines represent three-phase bus and interconnecting conductors, the orange circle represents an electric generator, the green spiral is an inductor, and the three overlapping blue circles represent a double-wound transformer with a tertiary winding.
The most common distribution system consists of simple radial circuits (feeders) that can be overhead, underground, or a combination. From the distribution substation, feeders carry the power to the end customers, forming the medium-voltage or primary network, operated at a medium voltage level, typically 5–35 kV. Feeders range in length from ...
A plug-in bus duct system or busway can have disconnect switches and other devices mounted on it, for example, to distribute power along a long building. Many forms of busway allow plug-in devices such as switches and motor starters to be easily moved; this provides flexibility for changes on an assembly line, for example. [4]
A bus reactor is an air core inductor, or oil filled inductor, connected between two buses or two sections of the same bus to limit the voltage transients on either bus. It is installed in a bus to maintain system voltage when the load of the bus changes. It adds inductance to the system to offset the capacitance of the line.
Examples of TRV waveshapes. A transient recovery voltage (TRV) for high-voltage circuit breakers is the voltage that appears across the terminals after current interruption. It is a critical parameter for fault interruption by a high-voltage circuit breaker, its characteristics (amplitude, rate of rise) can lead either to a successful current interruption or to a failure (called reignition or ...