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Rhinomanometry can be used to test nasal patency in basal conditions in order to differentiate between anatomical and mucosal abnormalities by performing a test with a decongestant. It can also be used to check impact of other treatments, like nasal steroid sprays, on objective nasal blockage.
The test is carried out by generating an acoustic pulse from a speaker or spark source and this sound pulse is transmitted to the nose along a tube. This sound pulse is reflected back to a microphone and this reflection is generated according to the changes in the local acoustic impedance related to cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity.
To perform the test you will need Bagolini Striated Glasses; Pen torch or a distant light source. Alternatively, trial frames and lenses or a lorgnette can be used. In some cases, the use of prisms is necessary to measure a deviation and test for the presence of binocular functions.
Test can be performed at any fixation distance - near or far; Results of the test can be checked/confirmed using Bagolini glasses, W4LT (macular torch) or Synoptophore; Post-strabismus surgery aim at times, can use in post-op review; When measuring the suppression scotoma, it needs to be done on cooperative patients
The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective measurement and the gold standard in measuring strabismus, i.e. ocular misalignment, or a deviation of the eye. [1] It is used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists, and optometrists in order to measure the vertical and horizontal deviation and includes both manifest and latent components. [ 1 ]
During an eye examination, the presence of suppression and the size and location of the suppression scotoma may be the Worth 4 dot test (a subjective test that is considered to be the most precise suppression test), or with other subjective tests such as the Bagolini striated lens test, or with objective tests such as the 4 prism base out test.
Distance PD is the separation between the visual axes of the eyes in their primary position, as the subject fixates on an infinitely distant object. [2] Near PD is the separation between the visual axes of the eyes, at the plane of the spectacle lenses, as the subject fixates on a near object at the intended working distance. [3]
An examiner presents a test light of variable size and intensity. The light may move towards the center from the perimeter (kinetic perimetry), or it may remain in one location (static perimetry). The Goldmann method is able to test the entire range of peripheral vision and has been used for years to follow vision changes in glaucoma patients. [3]