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A lithium-ion or Li-ion battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses the reversible intercalation of Li + ions into electronically conducting solids to store energy. In comparison with other commercial rechargeable batteries, Li-ion batteries are characterized by higher specific energy, higher energy density, higher energy efficiency, a longer cycle life, and a longer calendar life.
Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO 4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, [1] a type of Li-ion battery. [2]
Lithium is a highly reactive alkali metal that is widely used in various industrial applications due to its unique properties. Lithium compounds are formed by combining lithium with other elements, such as oxygen , sulfur , and chlorine , to form different chemical compounds.
Depending on the design and chemical compounds used, lithium cells can produce voltages from 1.5 V (comparable to a zinc–carbon or alkaline battery) to about 3.7 V. Disposable primary lithium batteries must be distinguished from secondary lithium-ion or a lithium-polymer, [3] which are rechargeable batteries
Lithium polymer cells follow the history of lithium-ion and lithium-metal cells, which underwent extensive research during the 1980s, reaching a significant milestone with Sony's first commercial cylindrical lithium-ion cell in 1991. After that, other packaging forms evolved, including the flat pouch format.
The compound is now used as the cathode in some rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, with particle sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers. [10] [9] During charging, the cobalt is partially oxidized to the +4 state, with some lithium ions moving to the electrolyte, resulting in a range of compounds Li x CoO 2 with 0 < x < 1. [3]
3 is a lithium rich layered rocksalt structure that is made of alternating layers of lithium ions and lithium and manganese ions in a 1:2 ratio, similar to the layered structure of LiCoO 2. In the nomenclature of layered compounds it can be written Li(Li 0.33 Mn 0.67)O 2. [7] Although Li 2 MnO
The lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxides (abbreviated as Li-NCA, LNCA, or NCA) are a group of mixed metal oxides. Some of them are important due to their application in lithium-ion batteries. NCAs are used as active material in the positive electrode (which is the cathode when the battery is discharged).