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Schematic of the HPA axis (CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus (a part of the brain located below the thalamus), the pituitary gland (a ...
HPA: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: HPETE: hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid: HPF: high-power field HPI H/oPI: history of the present illness: HPOA: hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy hPL: human placental lactogen (same as human chorionic somatomammotropin) HPP: hypokalemic periodic paralysis: HPS: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome HPV
Corticosteroids may precipitate mania, supporting the role of the HPA axis in affective episodes. [96] Measures from urinary versus salivary cortisol have been contradictory, with one study of the former concluding that HPA hyperactivity was a trait marker, while a study of the latter concluded that no difference in HPA activity exists in ...
They can be classified as a hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HP axis) of which the adrenal (HPA Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis), gonadal (HPG Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis), thyroid (HPT Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis), somatotropic (HPS Tooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis), and ...
The HPA axis is responsible for coordinating the hormonal response to stress. [63] Given the strong cortisol suppression to dexamethasone in PTSD, HPA axis abnormalities are likely predicated on strong negative feedback inhibition of cortisol, itself likely due to an increased sensitivity of glucocorticoid receptors. [123]
Cortisol awakening response is independent of this circadian variation in HPA axis activity; it is superimposed upon the daily rhythm of HPA axis activity, and it seems to be linked specifically to the event of awakening. [8] [9] Cortisol awakening response provides an easy measure of the reactivity capacity of the HPA axis. [10]
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a chain of endocrine structures that are activated during the body's response to stressors of various sorts. The HPA axis involves three structure, the hypothalamus which release CRH that stimulates the pituitary gland to release ACTH which stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Cortisol ...
Significant overlap between atypical and other forms of depression has been observed, though studies suggest that there are differentiating factors within the various pathophysiological models of depression. In the endocrine model, evidence suggests the HPA axis is hyperactive in melancholic depression, and hypoactive in atypical depression ...