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Mass–energy equivalence states that all objects having mass, or massive objects, have a corresponding intrinsic energy, even when they are stationary.In the rest frame of an object, where by definition it is motionless and so has no momentum, the mass and energy are equal or they differ only by a constant factor, the speed of light squared (c 2).
2.308 × 10 29: Rotational angular momentum of the Moon: 10 33: 7.07 × 10 33: Rotational angular momentum of the Earth [2] 10 34: 2.871 × 10 34: Orbital angular momentum of the Moon, with respect to the Earth. [3] 10 40: 2.661 × 10 40: Orbital angular momentum of the Earth, with respect to the Sun [2] 10 41: 1.676 × 10 41: Rotational ...
Since m 0 does not change from frame to frame, the energy–momentum relation is used in relativistic mechanics and particle physics calculations, as energy and momentum are given in a particle's rest frame (that is, E ′ and p ′ as an observer moving with the particle would conclude to be) and measured in the lab frame (i.e. E and p as ...
Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric absorption and scattering (or opacity) of various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation Most UV and X-rays are blocked by absorption first from molecular nitrogen , and then (for wavelengths in the upper UV) from the electronic excitation of dioxygen and finally ozone at the mid-range of UV.
Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago by accretion from the solar nebula, a disk-shaped mass of dust and gas left over from the formation of the Sun, which also created the rest of the Solar System. Initially, Earth was molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies.
In planetary sciences, the moment of inertia factor or normalized polar moment of inertia is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the radial distribution of mass inside a planet or satellite. Since a moment of inertia has dimensions of mass times length squared, the moment of inertia factor is the coefficient that multiplies these.
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The increase per meter would be 4.8 J/kg; this rate corresponds to one half of the local gravity of 9.5 m/s 2. The speed is 7.8 km/s, the net delta-v to reach this orbit is 8.0 km/s. Taking into account the rotation of the Earth, the delta-v is up to 0.46 km/s less (starting at the equator and going east) or more (if going west).