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Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or ...
In medical literature, Anglo-Irish surgeon Robert James Graves, in 1835, was the first to describe the association of a thyroid goitre with exophthalmos (proptosis) of the eye. [29] Graves' ophthalmopathy may occur before, with, or after the onset of overt thyroid disease and usually has a slow onset over many months. [citation needed]
Protruding eyeballs (known as proptosis and exophthalmos). Diplopia (double vision) is common. [4] Limitation of eye movement (due to impairment of eye muscle function). Periorbital and conjunctival edema (accumulation of fluid beneath the skin around the eyes). In severe cases, the optic nerve may be compressed and acuity of vision impaired. [24]
exophthalmos vs. proptosis [ edit ] I was taught that exophthalmos (as in Graves) features a lid lag when the patient looks downwards... ie, the sclera is visible above the iris... and that propotosis is just a buldging forward of the eye associated with hyperthyroidism in general and without a lid lag.
An Exophthalmometer. An exophthalmometer is an instrument used for measuring the degree of forward displacement of the eye in exophthalmos.The device allows measurement of the forward distance of the lateral orbital rim to the front of the cornea. [1]
It should not be confused with its opposite, exophthalmos, which is the anterior displacement of the eye. It may be a congenital anomaly, or be acquired as a result of trauma (such as in a blowout fracture of the orbit), Horner's syndrome (apparent enophthalmos due to ptosis), Marfan syndrome, Duane's syndrome, silent sinus syndrome or phthisis ...
Hyperthyroidism, associated with exophthalmos, periorbital puffiness, lid retraction, and lid lag; Cavernous sinus thrombosis, associated with infection of the paranasal sinuses, proptosis, periorbital oedema, retinal haemorrhages, papilledema, extraocular movement abnormalities, and trigeminal nerve sensory loss
Von Graefe's sign is the lagging of the upper eyelid on downward rotation of the eye, indicating exophthalmic goiter (Graves' disease). [1] It is a dynamic sign, whereas lid lag is a static sign which may also be present in cicatricial eyelid retraction or congenital ptosis.