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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The oldest known scroll is the Diary of Merer, which can be dated to c. 2568 BCE in the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu or Cheops due to its contents.Scrolls were used by many early civilizations before the codex, or bound book with pages, was invented by the Romans [3] and popularized by Christianity. [4]
The camera and digital imaging assembly were developed specifically for the purpose of photographing illegible ancient texts. [ 87 ] On 18 December 2012 [ 88 ] the first output of this project was launched together with Google on the dedicated site Deadseascrolls.org.il. [ 89 ] The site contains both digitizations of old images taken in the ...
The trio were able to read 2,000 letters from the scroll after training machine-learning algorithms on the scans. After creating a 3D scan of the text using a CT scan, the scroll was then ...
The parchments could be reused after scraping off the ink of the old texts, and writing new books on the previously used parchment, creating what is called a palimpsest. [21] Fortunately for modern scholars, the old writing can still be retrieved, and many extremely valuable works, which would have otherwise been lost, have been recovered in ...
PERF 558 is the oldest surviving Arabic papyrus, [1] found in Heracleopolis in Egypt, and is also the oldest dated Arabic text using the Islamic era, dating to 643. [2] It is a bilingual Arabic- Greek fragment, [ 3 ] consisting of a tax receipt, [ 4 ] or as it puts it "Document concerning the delivery of sheep to the Magarites and other people ...
Digitization of a Dunhuang manuscript. Dunhuang manuscripts refer to a wide variety of religious and secular documents (mostly manuscripts, including hemp, silk, paper and woodblock-printed texts) in Tibetan, Chinese, and other languages that were discovered by Frenchman Paul Pelliot and British man Aurel Stein at the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang, Gansu, China, from 1906 to 1909.
Papyrus narrating the story of the wise chancellor Ahiqar. Aramaic script. 5th century BCE. From Elephantine, Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin. The Elephantine Papyri and Ostraca consist of thousands of documents from the Egyptian border fortresses of Elephantine and Aswan, which yielded hundreds of papyri and ostraca in hieratic and demotic Egyptian, Aramaic, Koine Greek, Latin and Coptic ...