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The Code assigns three categories for ships depending on the operational conditions that the ship will face: Category A for ships designed to operate in polar waters with at least medium first-year ice (0.7 to 1.2 metres (28 to 47 in) thick), which may include old (multi-year) ice inclusions; Category B for ships not included in Category A and ...
The accumulation of ice on the superstructure is a dangerous phenomenon. When the temperature is below −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) slight icing will occur at winds of 5 Bft, moderate icing at 7 Bft, and severe icing at 8 Bft. When sailing in fresh water, icing will occur from 0 °C (32 °F) and below.
Corresponding ice thickness in the WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature [4] PC 1 Year-round operation in all polar waters Not defined PC 2 Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions Up to 3.0 m (9.8 ft) or more PC 3 Year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions Up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and sometimes more PC 4
The ice navigation ships are also often referred as ice-strengthened vessels. This term has no international standard and its definition may vary in different countries. [2] [7] In general, it is more commonly used for various research and expedition ships and less commonly for merchant cargo ships. The common characteristics of these vessels ...
In official context and legislation, the ice classes are usually spelled with Roman numerals, e.g. IA. [3] Classification societies may sometimes use somewhat different distinguishing marks for Finnish-Swedish ice classes; for example, 1A Super is defined as Ice Class I AA by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) and ICE(1A*) by DNV GL. [4]
Polar-class icebreakers USCGC Polar Star (WAGB-10), USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11) are heavy icebreakers operated by the United States Coast Guard (USCG). These cutters, specifically designed for icebreaking, have reinforced hulls, special icebreaking bows, and a system that allows rapid shifting of ballast to increase the effectiveness of their icebreaking.
Navigation that follows a rhumb line — that is, all meridians are cut at the same angle. On a nautical chart following the Mercator projection, a loxodromic is represented by a straight line. This type of navigation is useful for not too long distances, as it allows the course to remain steady, [16] but it does not offer the shortest distance.
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Ice navigation; ... Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; ...