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Major depression is often associated with biomarkers indicative of inflammatory responses, with interleukin-6, interleukin-1, interleukin-2 receptor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 all being found to be elevated in those with depression.
Cortistatin (or more specifically cortistatin-17) is a neuropeptide that is expressed in inhibitory neurons of the cerebral cortex, and which has a strong structural similarity to somatostatin. Unlike somatostatin, when infused into the brain, it enhances slow-wave sleep. It binds to sites in the cortex, hippocampus and the amygdala.
An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. Many autoimmune diseases (notably lupus erythematosus ) are associated with such antibodies.
Depression may be related to abnormalities in the circadian rhythm, [22] or biological clock. A well synchronized circadian rhythm is critical for maintaining optimal health . Adverse changes and alterations in the circadian rhythm have been associated with various neurological disorders and mood disorders including depression.
As somatostatin can cause inhibition of hormone production that uses it as a mediating hormone, it has an antiproliferative effect on cell tumors, especially in neuroendocrine tumors. [2] Somatostatin analogue therapy uses longer-acting agonists than the endogenous somatostatin to extend the antiproliferative effects. [24]
The pharmacology of antidepressants is not entirely clear.. The earliest and probably most widely accepted scientific theory of antidepressant action is the monoamine hypothesis (which can be traced back to the 1950s), which states that depression is due to an imbalance (most often a deficiency) of the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine). [1]
It is a non-selective somatostatin receptor antagonist, [37] inhibiting the effects of somatostatin on target cells in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, hypothalamus, and central nervous system. [2] Cyclosomatostatin is used as a research chemical to investigate the effects of somatostatin on different cell types by antagonizing its ...
The somatostatin family is a protein family with somatostatin as titular member, a hormone which inhibits the release of the pituitary somatotropin (growth hormone) and inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin from the pancreas of fasted animals. Cortistatin is a cortical neuropeptide with neuronal depressant and sleep-modulating properties ...