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The Sun is a weakly variable star, and its actual luminosity therefore fluctuates. [3] The major fluctuation is the eleven-year solar cycle (sunspot cycle) that causes a quasi-periodic variation of about ±0.1%. Other variations over the last 200–300 years are thought to be much smaller than this. [4]
For example, consider a 10 W transmitter at a distance of 1 million metres, radiating over a bandwidth of 1 MHz. By the time that power has reached the observer, the power is spread over the surface of a sphere with area 4πr 2 or about 1.26×10 13 m 2, so its flux density is 10 / 10 6 / (1.26×10 13) W m −2 Hz −1 = 8×10 7 Jy.
In 1961 the father-and-son team of Harold and Horace Babcock established that the solar cycle is a spatiotemporal magnetic process unfolding over the Sun as a whole. They observed that the solar surface is magnetized outside of sunspots, that this (weaker) magnetic field is to first order a dipole , and that this dipole undergoes polarity ...
Notable features: Brightness variable from 0%-100% | Sunset simulation | 13 preloaded alarm sounds | Numerous relaxation sounds | Night-light setting The Hatch Restore 2 is a full-featured sunrise ...
Approximate scotopic/mesopic threshold [8] 10 −1: 10 0: cd/m 2: 2 cd/m 2: Floodlit buildings, monuments, and fountains [9] 10 1: 5 cd/m 2: Approximate mesopic/photopic threshold [8] 25 cd/m 2: Typical photographic scene at sunrise or sunset [7] 30 cd/m 2: Green electroluminescent source [5] 10 2: 55 cd/m 2: Standard SMPTE cinema screen ...
The apparent brightness of Mercury as seen from Earth is greatest at phase angle 0° (superior conjunction with the Sun) when it can reach magnitude −2.6. [14] At phase angles approaching 180° (inferior conjunction) the planet fades to about magnitude +5 [14] with the exact brightness depending on the phase angle at that particular ...
Sunlight takes about 8.3 minutes to reach Earth from the surface of the Sun. [3] A photon starting at the center of the Sun and changing direction every time it encounters a charged particle would take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to get to the surface. [4]
For Earth's current orbital eccentricity, incoming solar radiation varies by about 6.8%, while the distance from the Sun currently varies by only 3.4% (5.1 million km or 3.2 million mi or 0.034 au). [ 11 ]