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New or worsening kidney problems, including kidney failure; Onset of depressive disorders or mood changes; Changes in bone such as osteonecrosis (breakdown and death of bone) Increases or redistribution of body fat; Immune system changes (e.g. Immune Reconstitution Syndrome)
Tenofovir, also known as TDF is a so-called 'prodrug' with the active compound deactivated by a molecular side chain that dissolves in the human body allowing a low dose of tenofovir to reach the site of desired activity. One example of the prodrug form is tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with the trade name Viread (Gilead Sciences Inc USA).
Tenofovir disoproxil is a pro-drug form of tenofovir phosphonate, which is liberated intracellularly and converted to tenofovir disphophate. [32] It is marketed by Gilead Sciences (as the fumarate, abbreviated TDF). [33] Tenofovir disoproxil is also available in pills which combine a number of antiviral drugs into a single dose.
The consideration of utilizing emtricitabine/tenofovir as a reduction strategy involves discussion with a health professional who can help the patient navigate the benefits and risks. Patients are advised to discuss any history of bone issues, kidney issues, or hepatitis B infection with their healthcare provider. [19]
Underlying hepatitis B virus (HBV) can interact with emtricitabine to cause significant liver damage, but it does not have a significant detrimental effect on the liver when given to patients without HBV. [18] Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is a prodrug of tenofovir that functions as a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI). Other ...
It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in adults with compensated liver disease [8] and is given in combination with other medications for the prevention and treatment of HIV. It is taken by mouth. [6] Tenofovir alafenamide is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and is a prodrug of tenofovir.
There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with some medications predominantly excreted by the kidneys needing their dose adjusted for the decreased kidney function (e.g., heparin, lithium).
For example, steady-state concentrations of drugs eliminated mostly by the kidney are usually greater in patients with kidney failure than they are in patients with normal kidney function receiving the same drug dosage. Population pharmacokinetics seeks to identify the measurable pathophysiologic factors and explain sources of variability that ...