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An extreme example of visible light extinction, caused by a dark nebula. In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer. Interstellar extinction was first documented as such in 1930 by Robert Julius Trumpler.
The extinction of the light is caused by interstellar dust grains in the coldest, densest parts of molecular clouds. Clusters and large complexes of dark nebulae are associated with Giant Molecular Clouds. Isolated small dark nebulae are called Bok globules.
The interstellar medium is composed of multiple phases distinguished by whether matter is ionic, atomic, or molecular, and the temperature and density of the matter. The interstellar medium is composed primarily of hydrogen, followed by helium with trace amounts of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. [1]
Extinction is caused by interstellar dust; however, DIBs, are not likely to be caused by dust grains. The existence of sub-structure in DIBs supports the idea that they are caused by molecules. Substructure results from band heads in the rotational band contour and from isotope substitution.
The “Interstellar” Ending Explained, 10 Years Later: What Happened to Earth After Murph Solved the Equation — and Where Did Cooper Go Next? ... By this time, humans anticipate extinction due ...
Cosmic dust can be further distinguished by its astronomical location: intergalactic dust, interstellar dust, interplanetary dust (as in the zodiacal cloud), and circumplanetary dust (as in a planetary ring). There are several methods to obtain space dust measurement. In the Solar System, interplanetary dust causes the zodiacal light.
There is a 50% chance that such a lethal GRB took place within two kiloparsecs of Earth during the last 500 million years, causing one of the major mass extinction events. [155] [16] The major Ordovician–Silurian extinction event 450 million years ago may have been caused by a GRB.
At this distance, interstellar extinction caused by interveining gas and dust makes Iota 2 Librae 0.44 magnitudes fainter as seen from Earth. The star is currently drifting closer at 7.61 km/s. [2] This A-type star has 84% more mass and 2.3 times the radius of the Sun.