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In male sterile plants, the parthenocarpy expresses itself only sporadically on the plant with deformed fruits. It has been reported that plant hormones provided by the ovary seed (such as auxins and gibberellins) promote fruit set and growth to produce seedless fruits. Initially, without seeds in the fruit, vegetative propagation was essential.
In botany and horticulture, parthenocarpy is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilisation of ovules, which makes the fruit seedless. The phenomenon has been observed since ancient times [ 1 ] but was first scientifically described by German botanist Fritz Noll in 1902.
Parthenogenesis (/ ˌ p ɑːr θ ɪ n oʊ ˈ dʒ ɛ n ɪ s ɪ s,-θ ɪ n ə-/; [1] [2] from the Greek παρθένος, parthénos, 'virgin' + γένεσις, génesis, 'creation' [3]) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which the embryo develops directly from an egg without need for fertilization.
Stenospermocarpy is the biological mechanism that produces parthenocarpy (seedlessness) in some fruits, notably many table grapes. In stenospermocarpic fruits, normal pollination and fertilization are still required to ensure that the fruit 'sets', i.e. continues to develop on the plant; however subsequent abortion of the embryo that began ...
In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit-set may (or may not) require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit. [29]
Many seed plants, including citrus fruits, are self-compatible, meaning that they are able to fertilize themselves. Self-compatibility produces a seedy fruit which may be deemed as undesirable to the citrus industry. Seedless fruits have been made popular as they are sought-after in the citrus industry.
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Other staple food crops, like bananas and plantains, are propagated from cuttings, and produce fruit without pollination (parthenocarpy). Further, foods such as root vegetables and leafy vegetables will produce a useful food crop without pollination, though pollination may be required for the purpose of seed production or breeding.