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A non-ossifying fibroma (NOF) is a benign bone tumor of the osteoclastic, giant cell-rich tumor type. [1] It generally occurs in the metaphysis of long bones in children and adolescents. [ 2 ] Typically, there are no symptoms unless there is a fracture . [ 2 ]
The most common bone tumor is a non-ossifying fibroma. [4] Average five-year survival in the United States after being diagnosed with bone and joint cancer is 67%. [5] The earliest known bone tumor was an osteosarcoma in a foot bone discovered in South Africa, between 1.6 and 1.8 million years ago. [6]
Osteofibrous dysplasia is a rare, benign non-neoplastic condition with no known cause. It is considered a fibrovascular defect. Campanacci described this condition in two leg bones, the tibia and fibula, [1] and coined the term. This condition should be differentiated from nonossifying fibroma and fibrous dysplasia of bone.
Metaphyseal tumors or lesions include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma, fibrous dysplasia, simple bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst, non-ossifying fibroma, and osteoid osteoma. [5] One of the clinical signs of rickets that doctors look for is cupping and fraying at the metaphyses when seen on X-ray.
Fibrous dysplasia is a very rare [2] nonhereditary genetic disorder where normal bone and marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue, resulting in formation of bone that is weak and prone to expansion. As a result, most complications result from fracture , deformity, functional impairment, pain, and the impingement of nerves. [ 3 ]
Jaffe–Campanacci syndrome is one of the disorders associated with café au lait macules (CALMs). Presentations may include intellectual disability, disseminated non-ossifying fibromas of the long bones and jaw, hypogonadism or cryptorchidism, or giant cell granulomas of the jaw.
Giant-cell tumor of the bone (GCTOB), is a relatively uncommon bone tumor. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells (osteoclast-like cells). Malignancy in giant-cell tumor is uncommon and occurs in about 2% of all cases. However, if malignant degeneration does occur, it is likely to metastasize to the lungs.
Adamantinoma (from Greek adamantinos 'very hard' [1]) is a rare bone cancer, making up less than 1% of all bone cancers. [2] It almost always occurs in the bones of the lower leg [3] and involves both epithelial and osteofibrous tissue. [4] The condition was first described by Fischer in 1913. [5] [6]